Factors Related to Citing from Preceptorship Competence: A Systematic Review

Introduction Preceptorship is a learning method that involves more experience in conveying their knowledge to someone who is less experienced. In this article, the authors conducted a relevant systematic review in various data used the keywords “preceptorship,”transition and article thinking”. Data based on SCOPUS, Science Direct, Proquest, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. The criteria consisted of the full text published in five years limit journal (2013-2018) and used the article in English. The results as much as 1517 articles found, and selected 15 article that suitable with criteria. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze factors that affect the implementation of preceptorship in the hospital and to give the recommendation of monitoring and evaluation preceptorship as well. Method: Papers were critically reviewed and relevant data were extracted and synthesized using an approach based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Result: These factors include the level of education, experience, support, guiding model, and work environment


INTRODUCTION
Preceptorship is a learning method that involves more experience in conveying their knowledge to someone who is less experienced1. A preceptor becomes a model or role model in preceptorship activities while simultaneously providing expert advice to the precepts2. The form of preceptorship is in the form of advice relating to practice in the workplace including role models in one-toone groups and organizations3. Preceptorship is a very important part of a hospital organization that is applied during new employee orientation, mutation, and rotation, as well as guidance for school students who undergo fieldwork practices.
In the implementation of preceptorship, there are often various obstacles among others unrecognized preceptor's guidance schedules that not match with a work time of preceptor unbalanced preceptors ratios with precepts lack of understanding of learning methods and bad work environment4. Based on research at the University of Newcastle, new nurses admitted that they were stressed in adapting, namely a lack of communication with the health team in their new work5.
In his study revealed that new nurses after completing the orientation period still need support through the program preceptorship and increasing retention of new nurses by 29% (from 60% to 89%) and 9,5% decreasing nurses vacancies6.
Preceptors in hospitals need to carry out an evaluate the implementation because there are still problems with the guidance system, the requirement as a supervisor, besides that it requires as a supervisor, besides that it requires an increase in the quality and competency of the preceptor to produce competent preceptor7.
Based on this phenomenon, the authors are interested in conducting further analysis related to various factors that influence the application of preceptorship in his hospitals8. Therefore, this systematic review aims to identify age-friendly health systems for the elderly.

Material and Methods
This systematic review was reported by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) Statement6.

Data Sources and Searches
Databased searched from SCOPUS, Science Direct, Proquest, Pubmed, and Google Scholar provide studies related to identifying age-friendly health systems for the elderly, determined from 2013 to 2019.

Study Selection
The studies selected by inclusion criteria were open access, cross-sectional and qualitative study with elderly participants, full-text articles, English language and we excluded studies with non-elderly participants, and study protocols.

Data extraction and quality assessment
All citations retrieve from electronic databases that imported to Mendeley Program. Two reviewers (BU, SNK) independently analyzed the titles and abstracts of every study retrieved from the literature search to identify potentially eligible studies. The full text of the remaining studies obtains for further examination. The last review conducted by a first reviewer (TPD). In this article, the authors conducted a relevant systematic review in variously of data used the keywords "age-friendly", "health system", "elderly". Data of studies were independently extracted by the same two reviewers by including the first author's name, year of publication, sample size, study design, duration of the trial, general characteristics of participants (age and gender). A detail description of age-friendly health system. WHO's guidelines as the main outcome of this systematic review.

Study Size
We conducted identification of 567 studies in database sources. Seven duplicate studies were excluded continued by 401 studies due to non-elderly participants, irrelevant studies and study protocols. The six remain studies included in the current systematic review.

Study Characteristics
Data were extracted from each study that needed the requirements. The extracted data included the characteristics of the study, characteristics of the age-friendly health system, characteristics of the results and summary of results. The Standard protocol for selecting studies as suggested in the systematic review method guide, PRISMA. The steps taken are: 1. Removal of duplication 2.
Examination independently of titles, abstracts and keywords and delete citations that were not relevant according to the inclusion criteria, 3.
If the title and abstract likely by the inclusion criteria and the objectives of the systematic review, the next step was the selection of journals with full text.

Discussion
The Study explains the problems that arise in the guidance process of the undergraduate students in hospitals, namely the use of language and instruments that are less objective in evaluating student competencies4.
It Suggests the use of portfolio applications that can be easily accessed by a nursing undergraduate student so that the ease of access makes students motivated in the preceptorship process9.
Explained that for postgraduate students, care should be focused on guidance on increasing self-confidence and specific competencies by the specialization of the program10. Explains how to organize and prioritize work, communication, and leadership for postgraduate students.
Based on the research, it can be concluded that the preceptor education level influences the guidance or preceptorship process11. Preceptors must be able to analyze the competencies that must be achieved by precepts so they can optimize ability, creativity, and innovation during the preceptorship period3 Figure 1. Flow diagram of the literature sources to identify age-friendly health system Implication Based on the research, it can be concluded that the work environment has a positive impact on precepts to form a conducive work environment as s good provision if they become employees in a company.